PREFACE Part I: Introduction to Systems 1 SYSTEM DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS 1.1 System Definitions and Elements 1 1.2 Classification of Systems 4 1.3 Science and Systems Science 7 1.4 Transition to the Systems Age 10 1.5 Technology and Technical Systems 12 1.6 Engineering in the Systems Age 14 Questions and Problems 16
2 BRINGING SYSTEMS INTO BEING 2.1 Engineering for Product Competitiveness l7 2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering l9 2.3 Systems Engineering Definitions 23 2.4 The Systems Engineering Process 24 2.5 System Design Evaluation 29 2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 36 Questions and Problems 43
Part II: The System Design Process 3 CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM DESlGN 3.1 Identification of Need 45 3.2 Accomplishment of Feasibility Analysis 46 3.3 Advance System Planning 47 3.4 System Requirements Analysis 48 3.5 Technical Performance Measures (TPMs) 57 3.6 Functional Analysis and Allocation 61 3.7 Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation 67 3.8 System Specification 69 3.9 Conceptual Design Review 71 Questions and Problems 72
4 PREUMlNARY SYSTEM DESIGN 4.1 Subsystem Functional Analysis 74 4.2 Requirements Allocation 80 4.3 Design Requirements (Parameters) 84 4.4 Engineering Design Technologies 86 4.5 Synthesis and Design Definition 93 4.6 System Design Reviews 94 Questions and Problems 96 5 DETAIL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Detail Design Requirements 97 5.2 Integrating System Elements 99 5.3 Design Engineering Activities 104 5.4 Detail Design Aids 107 5.5 Detail Design Documentation 108 5.6 System Prototype Development l12 5.7 Detail Design Reviews l14 Questions and Problems l l9
6 SYSTEM TEST AND EVALUATION 6.l Requirements for Test and Evaluation 121 6.2 Categories of System/Component Testing l23 6.3 Planning for Test and Evaluation 128 6.4 Preparation for Test and Evaluation 130 6.5 Test Performance and Reporting 132 6.6 System Modification l40 Questions and Problems l40
Part III: Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation 7 ALTERNATlVES AND MODELS IN DECISION MAKING 7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 143 7.2 Models in Decision Making l45 7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 149 7.4 The Decision Evaluation Matrix 153 7.5 Decisions Under Assumed Certainty 155 7.6 Decisions Under Risk l57 7.7 Decisions Under Uncertainty l60 7.8 The Decision Evaluation Display l64 Questions and Problems l66
8 MODELS FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION 8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas l69 8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 175 8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative Under Certainty 179 8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives Under Certainty 186 8.5 Evaluations Involving Multiple Criteria 190 8.6 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Features 192 8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations l95 8.8 Break-Even Analysis Under Risk 200 Questions and Problems 201
9 OPTIMIZATION IN DESIGN AND OPERATIONS 9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 206 9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 213 9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 231 9.4 Evaluation Involving Optimization and Multiple Criteria 236 9.5 Constrained Optimization by Liriear Programming 238 9.6 Constrained Optimization by Dynamic Programming 247 Questions and Problems 256
10 QUEUING THEORY AND ANALYSIS 10.1 The Queuing System 261 10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 265 10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 268 10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 278 l0.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 280 10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 283 10.7 Repairable Equipment Population Systems 291 Questions and Problems 303
11 CONTROL CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES 11.1 Some Control Concepts 306 11.2 Statistical ProcessControl 309 l1.3 Optimum Policy Control 320 11.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT 323 11.5 Total Quality Control 334 Questions and Problems 339 Part IV: Design for Operational Feasibility
12 DESlGN FOR RELlABILITY 12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 345 12.2 Measures of Reliability 347 12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 362 12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 375 12.5 Design Review and Evaluation 387 12.6 Reliability Test and Evaluation 389 Questions and Problems 396
13 DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY 13.1 Definition and Exp1anation of Maintainability 401 13.2 Measures of Maintainability 402 13.3 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 417 13.4 Maintainability Analysis Methods 424 13.5 Design Review and Evaluation 447 13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 448 Questions and Problems 454
14 DESIGN FOR USABlLITY (HUMAN FACTORS) 14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 459 14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 474 14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 475 14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 478 14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 485 14.6 Design Reviefu and Evaluation 487 14.7 Personnel Test and Evaluation 488 Questions and Problems 488
15 DESIGN FOR SUPPORTABILITY (SERVICEABILITY) 15.1 Definition and Explanation of Supportability 491 15.2 The Elements of Support 492 15.3 The Measures of Supportability 495 15.4 Logistic Support in the System Life Cycle 513 15.5 Supportability Ana1ysis (SA) 52l 15.6 Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support (CALS) 528 15.7 Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) 529 15.8 Supportability Test and Evaluation 53l Questions and Problems 532
16 DESIGN FOR PRODUCIBILITY AND DISPOSABILITY 16.l Introduction to Producibility and Disposability 535 16.2 Producibility and Disposability in the System Life Cycle 539 16.3 Design for Producibility 544 16.4 Modeling Manufacturing Progress 549 16.5 Design for Disposability 550 16.6 Integration of Producibility and Disposability 553 Questions and Problems 554
17 DESIGN FOR AFFORDABILITY (LIFE-CYCLE COST) l7.l Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 557 17.2 Cost Emphasis in the System Life Cyc1e 561 l7.3 The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process 565 l7.4 A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process Example 567 17.5 Life-Cycle Cost Applications and Benefits 597 Questions and Problems 602
Part V: Systems Engineering Management 18 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION 18.l Systems Engineering Planning 610 l8.2 System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 610 18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 626 18.4 Summary 638 Questions and Problems 638
19 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 640 19.2 Direction and Control of Program Activities 642 19.3 Program Evaluation Factors 653 19.4 Program Risk Management 657 Questions and Problems 661
Part VI: Appendices APPENDIX A: ANALYSIS AND CHECKLIST METHODS A.1 Functional Analysis 665 A.2 Design Review Checklists 674 APPENDIX B: PROBABILITY THEORY AND ANALYSIS B.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 678 B.2 Probability Distribution Models 681 B.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 690 APPENDIX C: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL TABLES C.1 Random Rectangular Variates 696 C.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 698 C.3 Cumu1ative Normal Probabilities 702 APPENDIX D: INTEREST FACTORS TABLES Tables D.1 to D.8 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 704 APPENDIX E: FINITE QUEUING TABLES Table E.1 to E.3 Finite Oueuing Factors 7l3 APPENDlX F: SELECTED BIBLlOGRAPHY F.1 Systems, Systems Theory, Systems Engineering,and Systems Analysis 722 F.2 Concurrent/Simultane ous Engineering 723 F.3 Software/Computer-Aided Systems 724 F.4 Reliability, Maintainability, and Maintenance Engineering 724 F.5 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 725 F.6 Logistics and Logistics Engineering 725 F.7 Quality, Quality Engineering, and Quality Assurance 726 F.8 Production, Producibility, and Environmental Engineering 726 F.9 Operations Research, and Operations Analysis 727 F.l0 Engineering Economy, Economic Analysis, and Cost Estimating F.11 Management and Supporting Areas 727 INDEX
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