M.尼爾？？布朗博林格林州立大學(xué)（Bowling Green State University）的杰出經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。獲有托雷多大學(xué)法學(xué)博士學(xué)位和得克薩斯大學(xué)的博士學(xué)位。曾經(jīng)合著7本書(shū)，并在專業(yè)期刊發(fā)表100余篇研究論文。曾被威斯康星大學(xué)、印第安納大學(xué)、科羅拉多大學(xué)等幾十所大學(xué)聘請(qǐng)，協(xié)助其培養(yǎng)教職員工的批判性思維技巧。他是《韓國(guó)批判性思維》期刊的編委會(huì)成員，還是“國(guó)際批判性思維大會(huì)”的主要發(fā)言人。2001年獲博林格林州立大學(xué)“終生成就獎(jiǎng)”，2002年獲博林格林州立大學(xué)“杰出教學(xué)能力獎(jiǎng)”，以及美國(guó)教育促進(jìn)與支持委員會(huì)的“全國(guó)年度杰出教授”銀牌獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆ⅰ岸砗ザ碇菽甓冉艹鼋淌凇钡仍S多全國(guó)性和地方性的榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)。近期為美國(guó)國(guó)家安全部、IBM公司、樂(lè)高公司、新加坡K2B國(guó)際公司、美國(guó)商學(xué)院聯(lián)盟、美國(guó)空軍研究院等眾多機(jī)構(gòu)及公司提供批判性思維的訓(xùn)練及咨詢服務(wù)。 斯圖爾特？？M.基利美國(guó)伊利諾伊大學(xué)心理學(xué)博士?，F(xiàn)為美國(guó)博林格林州立大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授。
圖書(shū)目錄
CHAPTER 1 The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Questions 1
The Noisy, Confused World We Live in 1 Experts Cannot Rescue Us, Despite What They Say 4 The Necessity of Relying on Our Mind 5 Critical Thinking to the Rescue 6 The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative Thinking Styles 8 Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking 10
The Importance of Practice 12
Critical Thinking and Other People 12
Values and Other People 12 Primary Values of a Critical Thinker 14
Keeping the Conversation Going 16
Creating a Friendly Environment for Communication 19
CHAPTER 2 Speed Bumps Interfering with Your Critical Thinking 20
The Discomfort of Asking the Right Questions 21 Thinking Too Quickly 21
Egocentrism 28 Wishful Thinking: Perhaps the Biggest Single Speed Bump on the Road to Critical Thinking 29
CHAPTER 3 What Are the Issue and the Conclusion? 33
Kinds of Issues 34 Searching for the Issue 36 Searching for the Author’s or Speaker’s Conclusion 37 Using This Critical Question 39 Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion 39 Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking 40
Narrowing Your Issue Prior to Writing 41 Cluing Your Reader into Your Conclusion 42
Practice Exercises 42 Sample Responses 44
CHAPTER 4 What Are the Reasons? 47
Initiating the Questioning Process 50 Words That Identify Reasons 52
Kinds of Reasons 52 Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight 53 Using This Critical Question 54
Reasons First, Then Conclusions 54
Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking 55
Exploring Possible Reasons before Reaching a Conclusion 55 Identify Major Publications That Cover Your Issue 56 Helping Your Readers Identify Your Reasons 57
Practice Exercises 57 Sample Responses 59
What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous? 62
The Confusing Flexibility of Words 63 Locating Key Terms and Phrases 64 Checking for Ambiguity 67 Using This Critical Question 67 Determining Ambiguity 68 Context and Ambiguity 70 Using This Critical Question 72 Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary 72 Ambiguity and Loaded Language 75 Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity 76 Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking 77
CHAPTER 5
Keeping Your Eye Out for Ambiguity 77
Practice Exercises 79 Sample Responses 80
CHAPTER 6 What Are the Value and Descriptive Assumptions? 84
General Guide for Identifying Assumptions 87 Value Conflicts and Assumptions 88 From Values to Value Assumptions 89 Typical Value Conflicts 91 The Communicator’s Background as a Clue to Value Assumptions 92 Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions 92 More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions 94 The Value of Knowing the Value Priorities of Others 95 Using This Critical Question 96 Values and Relativism 96 Identifying and Evaluating Descriptive Assumptions 97 Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions 97 Common Descriptive Assumptions 100 Clues for Locating Assumptions 101 Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions 103 Assumptions and Your Own Writing and Speaking 104 Practice Exercises 106 Sample Responses 108
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning? 110
A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning
Fallacies 112 Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point 114 Discovering Other Common Reasoning
Fallacies 116 Looking for Diversions 123 Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question 126 Using This Critical Question 127 Summary of Reasoning Errors 127 Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies 128 Practice Exercises 128 Sample Responses 130
How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal Experience, Case Examples, Testimonials, and Appeals to Authority? 133
The Need for Evidence 134 Locating Factual Claims 136 Sources of Evidence 137 Intuition as Evidence 139 Personal Experience as Evidence 140 Case Examples as Evidence 141 Testimonials as Evidence 143 Appeals to Authority as Evidence 145 Using This Critical Question 149
Your Academic Writing and Evidence 149
Practice Exercises 150 Sample Responses 152
CHAPTER 9 How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research Studies, and Analogies? 153
Personal Observation as Evidence 153 Research Studies as Evidence 154
General Problems with Research Findings 156
Generalizing from the Research Sample 162 Generalizing from the Research Measures 164 Biased Surveys and Questionnaires 166 Analogies as Evidence 169
Identifying and Comprehending Analogies 170
Evaluating Analogies 171
When You Can Most Trust Expert Opinion 174
Research and the Internet 176
Practice Exercises 178 Sample Responses 179
CHAPTER 10 Are There Rival Causes? 181
When to Look for Rival Causes 182
The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes 183
Detecting Rival Causes 185
The Cause or a Cause 185
Multiple Perspectives as a Guide to Rival Causes 187
Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups 188
Confusing Causation with Association 190 Confusing “After This” with “Because of This” 192 Explaining Individual Events or Acts 193 Evaluating Rival Causes 194 Rival Causes and Your Own Communication 195
Exploring Potential Causes 196
Practice Exercises 197 Sample Responses 199
CHAPTER 11 Are the Statistics Deceptive? 201
Unknowable and Biased Statistics 203 Confusing Averages 204 Concluding One Thing, Proving Another 207 Deceiving by Omitting Information 208 Using Statistics in Your Writing 210 Practice Exercises 211 Sample Responses 212
CHAPTER 12 What Significant Information Is Omitted? 215
The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information 216 The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning 217 Questions That Identify Omitted Information 219 But We Need to Know the Numbers 220 The Importance of the Negative View 223 Omitted Information That Remains Missing 225 Using This Critical Question 225 Practice Exercises 225 Sample Responses 227 CHAPTER 13 What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible? 229
Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering Multiple Conclusions 230
Two Sides or Many? 232
Productivity of If-Clauses 233
The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative Conclusions 234
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