低碳廢水生物脫氮理論與技術（英文）

Chapter 1 Overview 1      1.1 The nitrogen cycle in nature 1      1.2 Nitrogen contamination risk 2      1.2.1 Global nitrogen pollution situation 3      1.2.2 Nitrogen pollution in China 4      1.3 Nitrogen pollution control 6      1.3.1 Increasingly higher emission standards 6      1.3.2 Improvement of nitrogen pollution in natural water bodies in China 7      1.4 Low carbon source wastewater treatment issue 8      1.4.1 Typical low-carbon source wastewater 8      1.4.2 The challenges of conventional nitrogen removal 9      1.4.3 The challenge of carbon neutrality 9      1.5 New biological nitrogen removal process 10      1.5.1 Shortcut nitrification-denitrification systems 10      1.5.2 Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification systems 11      1.5.3 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）  12      1.5.4 Sulfur-autotrophic denitrification 13      1.5.5 Ferric ammonium oxidation： Feammox 13      1.5.6 Anaerobic oxidation of methane （AOM） 15      1.5.7 Hydrogen autotrophic denitrification 15      Questions 16      References 16            Chapter 2 Partial nitrification and denitrification 17      2.1 Introduction 17      2.2 Advantages of partial nitrification and denitrification 18      2.3 Microorganism involved in nitrification 19      2.3.1 Morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of AOB 19      2.3.2 Morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of NOB 20      2.4 The main influencing parameters of partial nitrification 21      2.4.1 pH， free ammonia （FA） and free nitrous acid （FNA） 21      2.4.2 Temperature 23      2.4.3 DO concentration 24      2.4.4 Sludge retention time 25      2.4.5 Toxic substances 25      2.5 The main challenges for partial nitrification  26      2.6 Application of partial nitrification and denitrification 27      Questions 30      References 30            Chapter 3 Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification 33      3.1 Introduction 33      3.2 The mechanism and advantages of simultaneous nitrification and      denitrification 34      3.2.1 The mechanism of SND 34      3.2.2 The advantages of SND 36      3.3 Microorganism involved in SND 37      3.3.1 Nitrifying bacteria within the biofilm 38      3.3.2 Denitrifying bacteria in the biofilm 38      3.3.3 Bacteria capable of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification 39      3.4 The main factors affecting SND 40      3.4.1 DO 40      3.4.2 pH 40      3.4.3 C/N 41      3.4.4 Sludge flocs 41      3.5 Applications of SND 41      3.5.1 Moving bed biofilm reactors 42      3.5.2 Hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor systems 46      3.5.3 Aerobic granular sludge systems 47      Questions 51      References 52      Chapter 4 Nitrite-based anaerobic ammonia oxidation （Anammox） 54      4.1 Discovery of nitrite-based Anammox  54      4.2 Nitrite-based Anammox stoichiometric ratio 55      4.3 Nitrite-based Anammox microorganisms and central metabolism  56      4.3.1 Diversity of functional bacteria for nitrite-based Anammox  56      4.3.2 Central metabolic mechanism of nitrite-based Anammox 58      4.4 Factors affecting Anammox of nitrite type  62      4.4.1 Reactor impact 62      4.4.2 Influence of environmental factors 63      4.4.3 Substrate effects 65      4.5 Nitrite type Anammox main process 67      4.5.1 SHARON-ANAMMOX 69      4.5.2 CANON 70      4.5.3 Oxygen-Limited Autotrophic Nitrification/Denitrification （OLAND） 72      4.5.4 Simultaneous partial Nitrification， Anammox and Denitrification （SNAD） 73      4.5.5 Partial Denitrification - Anammox （PD/A） 74      4.5.6 Denitrifying Anaerobic Methane Oxidation/Anammox （DAMO/A） 75      Questions 77      References 77            Chapter 5 Matching nitrosation for Anammox 79      5.1 Matched nitrosation reaction 79      5.2 Process of realization of matched nitrosation 80      5.2.1 Selection of reactor 80      5.2.2 Alkalinity 81      5.2.3 pH 83      5.2.4 DO content 85      5.2.5 HRT 86      5.3 Low temperature for matched nitrosation 86      5.4 Low substrate concentration for matched nitrosation 89      5.5 Real-time reactor control 90      5.6 Microbial populations in matched nitrosation systems 93      Questions 96      References 96            Chapter 6 Start-up of Anammox 98      6.1 The purpose and significance of quick startup 98      6.2 Initiation factor control 99      6.2.1 Selection of reactor 99      6.2.2 Selection of inoculated sludge 101      6.2.3 Selection of carrier 103      6.2.4 Start-up load 111      6.2.5 Low temperature start-up control 112      6.3 Start-up process characteristics 113      6.3.1 Start-up stage 113      6.3.2 Stoichiometry ratio 114      6.4 Microbial enrichment status 115      6.4.1 Trends and extent of microbial enrichment 115      6.4.2 Enrichment population categories 116      6.5 Conclusions and prospects 117      Questions 117      References 118            Chapter 7 Promoters and inhibitors of Anammox 120      7.1 Exogenous additives for improving the Anammox process 121      7.1.1 Metals addition 122      7.1.2 Organic matter addition 127      7.1.3 Inorganic matter addition 129      7.1.4 Intermediates addition 131      7.1.5 N-acyl-homoserine lactones addition 132      7.2 Exogenous substances for inhibiting the Anammox process  133      7.2.1 Different inhibitory factors of Anammox process 133      7.2.2 Strategies to control the inhibition 142      Questions 145      References 145            Chapter 8 Coupling of Anammox and denitrification 147      8.1 Reaction mechanism of simultaneous Anammox and denitrification process 147      8.1.1 Stoichiometry in simultaneous Anammox and denitrification 147      8.1.2 Microbiology in simultaneous Anammox and denitrification 149      8.2 Research on the coupling of Anammox and denitrification 151      8.2.1 The coupling reaction of Anammox and denitrification 151      8.2.2 Start-up of coupled Anammox and denitrification reactor 152      8.2.3 Factors influencing the coupling of Anammox and denitrification 153      8.3 Microbial community of the simultaneous Anammox and      denitrification process 159      8.4 Emerging extensions of simultaneous Anammox-denitrification process 163      8.4.1 SAND 163      8.4.2 ADSF  167      8.4.3 SDA 169      Questions 171      References 171            Chapter 9 Anammox Granular sludge 173      9.1 Formation mechanism of Anammox granular sludge 173      9.2 Factors influencing the development of Anammox granules  175      9.2.1 Seed sludge 176      9.2.2 Substrate concentration 177      9.2.3 Hydraulic Retention Time （HRT） and Sludge Retention Time （SRT） 178      9.2.4 Temperature and pH  178      9.2.5 Hydraulic shear force and stirring speed 179      9.2.6 Presence of inorganic ions 180      9.2.7 Extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） 180      9.2.8 Influence of nanoparticles present in wastewater 181      9.3 Structure and microecology of Anammox granular sludge 182      9.3.1 Properties of the Anammox granular sludge 182      9.3.2 Microbial ecology of granular sludge 188      9.4 EPS of Anammox granular sludge 190      9.4.1 Compositional characteristics of EPS 190      9.4.2 Influencing factors of EPS 193      9.5 Application of Anammox granular sludge 196      9.6 Main factors affecting EPS secretion and sludge granulation 197      9.6.1 Organic concentration 197      9.6.2 Nitrogen concentration and loading in the reaction system 198      9.6.3 External mediator 199      9.6.4 Other influencing factors 199      9.7 Limitations of Anammox granulation  200      9.7.1 Flotation 200      9.7.2 Storage stability of Anammox granules  201      9.7.3 Susceptibility to heavy metals 202      9.8 Conclusions 203      Questions 204      References 204            Chapter 10 Application of Anammox 205      10.1 Urban domestic sewage 205      10.1.1 Realization of a compatible Anammox process 205      10.1.2 Influencing factor 206      10.1.3 Treatment process 210      10.1.4 Engineering practice 214      10.2 Industrial wastewater  217      10.2.1 Landfill leachate 217      10.2.2 Monosodium glutamate wastewater 221      10.2.3 Rare earth wastewater 223      10.2.4 Pharmaceutical wastewater 225      10.3 Agricultural wastewater 227      10.3.1 Swine wastewater 227      10.3.2 Dairy wastewater 230      10.3.3 Aquatic aquaculture wastewater 231      Questions 234      References 234            Chapter 11 Sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation （sulfammox） 236      11.1 Introduction 236      11.2 Anthology of sulfammox studies 237      11.3 Mechanism of sulfammox 238      11.3.1 The presence of organic carbon sources in the influent 238      11.3.2 No organic carbon sources in the influent 239      11.4 Characteristics of microbes in sulfammox  241      11.5 Environmental factors and operational conditions affecting sulfammox 243      11.5.1 Process medium and feeding options 243      11.5.2 NH4 / SO42- ratio 244      11.5.3 COD addition 244      11.5.4 Temperature and pH 245      11.5.5 Spontaneity and oxidation-reduction potential 246      11.5.6 Other factors  246      11.6 Applicable reactors and reported efficiencies 246      11.7 Conclusions 247      Questions 251      References 251            Chapter 12 Fe （Ⅲ） reduction coupled to anaerobic ammonium oxidation      （Feammox） 253      12.1 Introduction 253      12.2 A collection of existing investigations regarding the Feammox process 254      12.2.1 Anthology of Feammox studies 254      12.2.2 Unveiling of Feammox in the environment and rate measurements 255      12.2.3 Feammox microbial functions 257      12.3 The artificial and natural factors that affect the growth of Feammox      microorganisms 260      12.3.1 The ferric iron 260      12.3.2 Soil pH and redox potential 260      12.3.3 Dissolved oxygen  261      12.3.4 Temperature 261      12.3.5 Nitrite and nitrate 262      12.3.6 Carbon sources and electron shuttles 262      12.3.7 In situ soil nutrient characteristics 264      12.4 Prospective： use of Feammox for practical large-scale wastewater      treatment  265      12.5 Conclusions 270      Questions 270      References 270            Chapter 13 Anaerobic Methane Oxidation （AOM） 272      13.1 Discovery and classification of anaerobic methane oxidation  272      13.1.1 Discovery of anaerobic methane oxidation 272      13.1.2 Classification of anaerobic methane oxidation processes 273      13.1.3 Functional microorganisms of anaerobic methane oxidation 274      13.2 Microbial metabolism of anaerobic methane oxidation 277      13.2.1 Sulfate-dependent Anaerobic Methane Oxidation （SAMO） 277      13.2.2 Denitrifying Anaerobic Methane Oxidation （DAMO） 278      13.2.3 Metal-dependent Anaerobic Methane Oxidation （metal-AOM） 280      13.2.4 Anaerobic methane oxidation with other new electron acceptors 281      13.3 Physiological characteristics and ecological distribution of the anaerobic      methanotrophic microorganisms 282      13.3.1 Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea 282      13.3.2 Anaerobic methanotrophic bacteria 283      13.4 Enrichment of anaerobic methane-oxidizing microorganisms 285      13.5 Application potential of anaerobic methane oxidation 286      Questions 287      References 287            Chapter 14 Hydrogen-based denitrification 289      14.1 Introduction 289      14.2 Fundamental of H2-based denitrification 290      14.3 Microorganism involved in H2-based MBfRs 291      14.4 The key control factors 293      14.4.1 Membrane materials 293      14.4.2 Reactor types 295      14.4.3 Biofilm management 295      14.4.4 H2 pressure 297      14.4.5 Nitrate loading 297      14.4.6 pH 298      14.5 Applications of H2-based MBfRs 298      Questions 300      References 300